async function fetchWithRetry(url, options = {}, maxRetries = 3) {
  let delay = 1000; // Start with 1 second

  for (let attempt = 0; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
    const response = await fetch(url, options);

    if (response.ok) {
      return response.json();
    }

    if (response.status === 429) {
      // Check for Retry-After header
      const retryAfter = response.headers.get('Retry-After');
      const waitTime = retryAfter
        ? parseInt(retryAfter) * 1000
        : delay + Math.random() * 1000; // Add jitter

      console.warn(
        `Rate limited (attempt ${attempt + 1}/${maxRetries + 1}). ` +
        `Waiting ${Math.round(waitTime / 1000)}s...`
      );

      if (attempt < maxRetries) {
        await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, waitTime));
        delay *= 2; // Exponential backoff
        continue;
      }
    }

    throw new Error(`API request failed: ${response.status}`);
  }
}

// Usage with LumenQuery API
const ledger = await fetchWithRetry(
  'https://lumenquery.io/api/analytics/network?range=24h'
);

// Usage with public Horizon (more likely to hit limits)
const account = await fetchWithRetry(
  'https://horizon.stellar.org/accounts/GABC...',
  { headers: { 'Accept': 'application/json' } }
);